{"id":16549,"date":"2015-07-20T10:39:05","date_gmt":"2015-07-20T02:39:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/13tech.com.cn\/?p=16549"},"modified":"2016-11-28T11:49:53","modified_gmt":"2016-11-28T03:49:53","slug":"%e3%80%90%e9%87%8f%e5%8c%96%e5%8e%86%e5%8f%b2%e3%80%91%e7%94%a8%e6%95%b0%e6%8d%ae%e5%88%86%e6%9e%90%e7%9a%84%e6%96%b9%e6%b3%95%e6%9d%a5%e7%a0%94%e7%a9%b6%e5%8e%86%e5%8f%b2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.uxren.cn\/?p=16549","title":{"rendered":"\u3010\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u3011\u7528\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u5386\u53f2"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/13tech.com.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/quantitative-history-00.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16556\" alt=\"quantitative-history-00\" src=\"http:\/\/13tech.com.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/quantitative-history-00.jpg\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uxren.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/quantitative-history-00.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.uxren.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/quantitative-history-00-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<address>\u64b0\u6587\uff1aMargo Anderson \uff1b\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff1a\u65b9\u66cc \u738b\u51e1\u5e06<\/address>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em;\">\u4eca\u5929\u63a8\u9001\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6574\u7406\u4e86\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u9047\u5230\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u4e0e\u6311\u6218\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u662f2013\u5e748\u6708\u9648\u5fd7\u6b66\u6559\u6388\u5bf9\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c4a\u201c\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u8bb2\u4e60\u73ed\u201d\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86Gregory Clark\u6559\u6388\u3001\u9f9a\u542f\u5723\u6559\u6388\u3001Van Zanden\u6559\u6388\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: 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style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u52aa\u529b<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u65e9\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u91cf\u5316\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53f2\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u53f2\u9886\u57df\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u5e74\u9274\u5b66\u6d3e\u5728\u4e8c\u6218\u524d\u671f\u5c31\u5df2\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u6307\u660e\u4e86\u9053\u8def\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u589e\u957f\u53ca\u6269\u5f20\u4e5f\u4fc3\u4f7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u91cf\u5316\u6750\u6599\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u4eba\u53e3\u548c\u5927\u4f17\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0cFrederick Jackson Turner\u4e8e1893\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u8bba\u6587\u300a\u8fb9\u7586\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u300b\uff08The Significance of the Frontier in American History\uff09\u5c31\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e1890\u5e74\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u6570\u636e\u548c\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/13tech.com.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/quantitative-history-01.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16553\" alt=\"quantitative-history-01\" src=\"http:\/\/13tech.com.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/quantitative-history-01.png\" width=\"550\" height=\"827\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uxren.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/quantitative-history-01.png 550w, https:\/\/www.uxren.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/quantitative-history-01-199x300.png 199w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/13tech.com.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/quantitative-history-02.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16554\" alt=\"quantitative-history-02\" src=\"http:\/\/13tech.com.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/quantitative-history-02.png\" width=\"550\" height=\"775\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uxren.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/quantitative-history-02.png 550w, https:\/\/www.uxren.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/quantitative-history-02-212x300.png 212w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u201d\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u7ecf\u5386\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0a\u534a\u53f6\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u957f\u8db3\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5668\u548c\u6570\u503c\u8bb0\u5f55\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u3001\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u96cf\u5f62\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u5f00\u5c55\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u88ab\u540e\u6765\u8005\u5f53\u4f5c\u699c\u6837\u548c\u7ecf\u5178\u30021959\u5e74\uff0cMerle Curti\u53ca\u5176\u540c\u4e8b\u5728\u5a01\u65af\u5eb7\u661f\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5851\u9020\uff1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fb9\u7586\u5c0f\u9547\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u8c03\u67e5\u300b\uff08The Making of an American Community: A Case Study of Democracy in a Frontier County\uff09\uff0c\u6df1\u5165\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u5a01\u65af\u5eb7\u661f\u5ddeTrempeleau\u53bf\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u5ba1\u89c6\u4e86Turner\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u67e5\u9605\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u3001\u65e5\u8bb0\u3001\u79c1\u4eba\u4fe1\u4ef6\u548c\u53bf\u5fd7\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece1850\u5e74\u81f31880\u5e74\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u4eba\u53e3\u8c03\u67e5\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e2d\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u7684\u96c7\u4f63\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u5b83\u6765\u5206\u6790\u624b\u5934\u7684\u53f2\u6599\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0e\u6b64\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u65b0\u5174\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u4e5f\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53f2\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u8303\u5f0f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6311\u6218\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5185\u6218\u662f\u5426\u201c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u6709\u4e00\u6279\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9274\u4e8e\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u5229\u6da6\u7387\u5f88\u4f4e\uff0c\u5b83\u81ea\u8eab\u662f\u4f1a\u9010\u6e10\u74e6\u89e3\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5185\u6218\u5c31\u663e\u5f97\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u201d\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u8fd0\u7528\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5357\u65b9\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u4ea7\u91cf\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u76f4\u4f7f\u7528\u5974\u96b6\uff0c\u5357\u65b9\u519c\u4e1a\u5230\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u5c31\u4f1a\u626d\u4e8f\u4e3a\u76c8\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\u94c1\u8def\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5de5\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u5360\u636e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\uff0cFogel\u91c7\u7528\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u63a8\u8bba\u6cd5\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u8bba\u8bc1\u5230\u8fd0\u6cb3\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6210\u529f\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6765\u652f\u6491\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/13tech.com.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/quantitative-history-03.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16555\" alt=\"quantitative-history-03\" src=\"http:\/\/13tech.com.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/quantitative-history-03.png\" width=\"900\" height=\"648\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uxren.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/quantitative-history-03.png 900w, https:\/\/www.uxren.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/quantitative-history-03-300x216.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u65b0\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\u5bb6\u201d\u8bf8\u5982Lee Benson\u3001Allan Bogue\u3001Richard P. McCormick\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5bf9\u5386\u53f2\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\u8bf8\u5982Warren Miller\u548cWalter Dean Burnham\u5c06\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\u5206\u6790\u73b0\u884c\u9009\u4e3e\u7ed3\u679c\u548c\u9009\u6c11\u8c03\u67e5\u7684\u65b0\u5174\u6280\u672f\u7528\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bbe\u5b9a\u515a\u6d3e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u5173\u952e\u9009\u4e3e\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u9009\u4e3e\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u7ed3\u6784\u53ef\u4ee5\u501f\u7531\u5206\u6790\u6295\u7968\u7387\u548c\u9009\u4e3e\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6570\u636e\u5f97\u5230\u9884\u6d4b\u3002\u57281964\u5e74\u7684\u82f1\u683c\u5170\uff0c\u4e00\u6279\u4eba\u53e3\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5251\u6865\u4eba\u53e3\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7814\u7a76\u5c0f\u7ec4\uff08the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure\uff09\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u957f\u8fbe\u56db\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u56de\u6eaf\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u6536\u96c6\u5e76\u6574\u7406\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0400\u5e74\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\u53f2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u5f00\u542f\u7684\u5168\u65b0\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u9002\u5e94\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u81ea\u8eab\u5b66\u79d1\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u53f2\u7684\u589e\u957f\u548cJesse Lemisch\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u9769\u547d\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4ea6\u5373\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u5e73\u51e1\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u7ba1\u7aa5\u5f53\u65f6\u4e00\u822c\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u9762\u8c8c\uff0c\u8865\u5145\u90a3\u4e9b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u91cd\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u548c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u3002\u51fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u4f1a\uff08the American Historical Association\uff09\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u91cf\u5316\u201d\u4f1a\u4fc3\u4f7f\u65b0\u578b\u5206\u6790\u6280\u672f\u548c\u65b0\u578b\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u7684\u8bde\u751f\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u4e3a\u6b64\u4e13\u95e8\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u201c\u5b9a\u91cf\u8d44\u6599\u534f\u4f1a\u201d\uff08Quantitative Data Committee\uff09\u3002\u57281965\u5e74\u7684\u5bc6\u6b47\u6839\u5927\u5b66\u30011967\u5e74\u7684\u5eb7\u7eb3\u5c14\u5927\u5b66\u30011973\u5e74\u7684\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u5148\u540e\u5f00\u8bbe\u6691\u671f\u8bb2\u4e60\u73ed\uff0c\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u8bb2\u89e3\u91cf\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u30021968\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u5bc6\u6b47\u6839\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8054\u76df\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u5176\u201c\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u57f9\u8bad\u73ed\u201d\u4e2d\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u95e8\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u5206\u6790\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e3a\u671f\u56db\u5468\u3002\u8fd9\u95e8\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6bcf\u5e74\u590f\u5929\u90fd\u6709\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7eed\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u3002\u4ece1971\u5e74\u52301982\u5e74\uff0cRichard Jensen\u5728\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u7684\u7ebd\u4f2f\u745e\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\uff08the Newberry Library in Chicago\uff09\u7275\u5934\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u590f\u5b63\u57f9\u8bad\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u5168\u7f8e40%\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7cfb\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u57f9\u517b\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\u52a0\u5165\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u5728\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0a\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002\u65b0\u7684\u671f\u520a\u3001\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u3001\u7f16\u7e82\u6587\u96c6\u4e5f\u4e3a\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6210\u957f\u63d0\u4f9b\u8fc7\u52a9\u529b\u3002\u300aHistorical Methods Newsletter\u300b\u4e8e1967\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u53d1\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1978\u5e74\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u300aHistorical Methods\u300b\uff1b\u300aJournal of Interdisciplinary History\u300b\u9996\u520a\u4e8e1970\u5e74\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u5b66\u4f1a\uff08The Social Science History Association\uff09\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e1974\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u4f1a\u520a\u300aSocial Science History\u300b\u51fa\u7248\u4e8e1976\u5e74\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b66\u4f1a\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u7247\u56ed\u5730\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u805a\u96c6\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u4e3b\u52a8\u501f\u9274\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u79d1\u7406\u8bba\u53ca\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u548c\u8bb8\u591a\u4ece\u4e8b\u53f2\u6599\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u4ea4\u950b\u6301\u7eed\u4e0d\u65ad\uff0c\u6ecb\u517b\u4e86\u8eab\u53d7\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3001\u4eba\u53e3\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u3001\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u9646\u7eed\u5728\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u53d1\u8868\u51fa\u8bb8\u591a\u6709\u521b\u89c1\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u5173\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u4f73\u4f5c\u4e00\u76f4\u518d\u7248\u5230\u5982\u4eca\u3002\u65e0\u6570\u4eba\u7f16\u8f91\u4e66\u5377\uff0c\u5411\u4e13\u5bb6\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u4ecb\u7ecd\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b0\u9886\u57df\u3001\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u540e\u6765\u6709\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u6700\u521d\u4e8e1962\u5e74\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u6821\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u7814\u7a76\u8054\u76df\uff08the Interuniversity Consortium for Political Research\uff09\uff0c1975\u5e74\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u6821\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8054\u76df\uff08the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u8054\u76df\u662f\u5236\u4f5c\u548c\u4fdd\u5b58\u5386\u53f2\u6570\u636e\u8f91\u5f55\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5f00\u62d3\u8005\u3002\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u6863\u6848\u548c\u8bb0\u5f55\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40\u9488\u5bf9\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u624b\u4e2d\u521d\u59cb\u72b6\u6001\u5373\u4e3a\u7535\u5b50\u6570\u636e\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u53d1\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7535\u5b50\u8bb0\u5f55\u4fdd\u5b58\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u6570\u636e\u6863\u6848\u4e2d\u5fc3\u57281967\u5e74\u4e5f\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u53d1\u8d77\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u6b64\u5230\u4e86\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5c06\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u66f4\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u76f8\u878d\u5408\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u52aa\u529b\u5df2\u7ecf\u57fa\u672c\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u5efa\u8bbe\u50ac\u751f\u4e86\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u4e5f\u906d\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u4ecd\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u4e2d\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4f4d\u51fa\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u7ecf\u548c\u5c06\u8981\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5df2\u7ecf\u6316\u6398\u51fa\u7684\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e3b\u8981\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3001\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u5185\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u53c8\u662f\u54ea\u4e9b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><span 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history\uff09\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u5c40\u9762\u66f4\u4e3a\u5e7f\u9614\u2014\u2014\u7528\u8fc7\u53bb\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u9ad8\u3001\u4f53\u91cd\u3001\u8eab\u6750\u548c\u75be\u75c5\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0e\u798f\u5229\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u53bb\u4f30\u91cf\u548c\u6bd4\u8f83\u8bb8\u591a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e43\u81f3\u5343\u5e74\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e73\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u5f97\u4ee5\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u957f\u3002\u540c\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u9700\u8981\u201c\u53ef\u4ee5\u673a\u68b0\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u201d\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5927\u5bb6\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u7535\u5b50\u7684\u201d\uff09\u6570\u636e\u7528\u4e8e\u5206\u6790\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4e5f\u6709\u4e2a\u522b\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4eba\u5de5\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u52a8\u6001\u767b\u8bb0\u5373\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6570\u636e\u9700\u8981\u7684\u662f\u673a\u68b0\u5236\u8868\u88c5\u7f6e\u3001\u8bb0\u6570\u5206\u7c7b\u5668\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u673a\u68b0\u8ba1\u7b97\u5668\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee3\u8868\u5c31\u662fHerman Hollerith\u53d1\u660e\u7684\u6253\u5b54\u5236\u8868\u673a\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b8c\u6210\u4e861890\u5e74\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u79d1\u5b66\u4ea6\u4ece\u4e2d\u53d7\u76ca\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u56db\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e3a\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u673a\u5668\u5236\u8868\u548c\u5206\u6790\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6536\u96c6\u5de5\u4f5c\u5236\u5b9a\u51fa\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u6d41\u7a0b\u3002\u7ea6\u5b9a\u4fd7\u6210\u7684\u60ef\u4f8b\u5305\u62ec\u56fa\u5b9a\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u6570\u636e\u77e9\u9635\u3001\u6309\u7167\u540d\u79f0\u3001\u987a\u5e8f\u3001\u533a\u95f4\u3001\u6bd4\u7387\u6765\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u95ee\u5377\u3001\u9002\u4e8e\u6253\u5b54\u8ba1\u6570\u5206\u6790\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\u8868\u3001\u50cfLikert scale\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u7f16\u7801\u7cfb\u7edf\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u627f\u88ad\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u5c06\u6d41\u7a0b\u5f15\u5165\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u65cb\u5373\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8981\u5145\u5206\u6316\u6398\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u514b\u670d\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0a\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e0a\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u4eec\u9047\u5230\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u5fc5\u987b\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u524d\u4eba\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e0e\u4fdd\u5b58\u3002\u800c\u57281890\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u7528\u673a\u5668\u5206\u6790\u3002\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u53f2\u6599\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6587\u672c\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6574\u7406\u3001\u7f16\u8bd1\uff0c\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u53ef\u673a\u8bfb\u7684\u6216\u7535\u5b50\u7684\u8868\u683c\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u6536\u96c6\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u60ef\u4f8b\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u4e4b\u540e\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e38\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u673a\u8bfb\u8d44\u6599\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u4fdd\u5b58\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\uff08the United States Census Bureau\uff09\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e86\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u5386\u6b21\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u95ee\u5377\uff0c\u4f461890\u81f31960\u5e74\u95f4\u6570\u636e\u5236\u8868\u7528\u7684\u6253\u5b54\u5361\u7247\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u7559\u4e0b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5361\u7247\u5728\u666e\u67e5\u7ed3\u679c\u53d1\u5e03\u4e4b\u540e\u5c31\u88ab\u9500\u6bc1\u4e86\u3002\u60f3\u8981\u5206\u6790\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u4e2d\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5236\u4f5c\uff08\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u518d\u6b21\u5236\u4f5c\uff09\u9002\u4e8e\u673a\u5668\u5206\u6790\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fdb\u884c\u91cf\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5904\u7406\u6570\u636e\u5316\u5206\u6790\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u53f2\u6599\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u6240\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u6570\u636e\u7f3a\u5931\u6216\u8005\u8d44\u6599\u5c01\u5b58\u3001\u7834\u635f\u3001\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u3001\u88ab\u6bc1\u574f\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u60f3\u8981\u628a\u6863\u6848\u8bb0\u5f55\u5236\u4f5c\u6210\u6570\u636e\u77e9\u9635\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u7684\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u4eec\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u5c24\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u6570\u636e\u77e9\u9635\u8981\u6c42\u6848\u4f8b\u548c\u53d8\u91cf\u5177\u5907\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u6027\u5b9a\u4e49\u3001\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5176\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u9879\u8d4b\u503c\uff0c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u5c31\u662f\u4f30\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u6838\u5fc3\u8d8b\u52bf\u548c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u79bb\u6563\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u4e00\u5e74\u6216\u8005\u67d0\u4e9b\u5e74\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e22\u5931\u4e86\u600e\u4e48\u529e\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u4e2a\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u8d22\u62a5\u8bb0\u5f55\u662f\u4e0d\u5f97\u67e5\u9605\u7684\u600e\u4e48\u529e\uff1f\u5982\u4f55\u786e\u5b9a\u67d0\u4e2a\u90e1\u7684\u6863\u6848\u9986\u4e2d\u4fdd\u5b58\u7684\u9057\u5631\u8bb0\u5f55\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\uff1f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u6570\u636e\u96c6\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u8fbe\u5230\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u63cf\u8ff0\u3001\u53d8\u91cf\u5b9a\u4e49\u3001\u5206\u7c7b\u3001\u7f16\u7801\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u8bb8\u591a\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u300aHistorical Methods\u300b\u8fd9\u672c\u671f\u520a\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u63d0\u51fa\u65b9\u6848\u3001\u8ba8\u8bba\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u5e73\u53f0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u9700\u8981\u628a\u6587\u672c\u8d44\u6599\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u63d0\u70bc\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u6863\u6848\u7ecf\u5e38\u4ee5\u6587\u5b57\u8bb0\u8f7d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4fdd\u5b58\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7740\u63d0\u70bc\u51fa\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u9700\u8981\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c06\u8d44\u6599\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u53f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u5229\u7528\u8d77\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u53d1\u7968\u3001\u9057\u5631\u3001\u6559\u5802\u8bb0\u5f55\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6848\u5377\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u4ece\u73b0\u5b58\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u6316\u6398\u4ed6\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u548c\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u62e3\u9009\u8d44\u6599\u3001\u521b\u8bbe\u7f16\u7801\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u3002\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u5206\u6790\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u6570\u636e\u2014\u2014\u6bd4\u5982\u4e00\u56fd\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5e74\u4efd\u7684\u8fdb\u51fa\u53e3\u5355\u636e\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u6839\u636e\u73b0\u5b58\u6587\u732e\u5236\u4f5c\u8868\u683c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u5b9a\u4e49\u5206\u6790\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u3001\u627e\u51fa\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u7528\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u7f16\u7801\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5408\u7406\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u51e0\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u4f1a\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u8bf4\u660e\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5177\u4f53\u6848\u4f8b\u7565\uff09<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u5bf9\u4e8e\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6279\u8bc4<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u58f0\u97f3\u4e00\u76f4\u4e0d\u7edd\u4e8e\u8033\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u662f\u8d28\u7591\u67d0\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5219\u76f4\u63a5\u8d28\u7591\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u6574\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u572860\u5e74\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\uff0cCarl Bridenbaugh\u5728\u4ed6\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u534f\u4f1a\u81f4\u8f9e\u65f6\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u76f4\u63a5\u6307\u8d23\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u8fd9\u4e00\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u8fd9\u662f\u201c\u5815\u843d\u7684\u5973\u795e\u201d(bitch goddess)\u3002\u572860\u5e74\u4ee3\u548c70\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u91cf\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u5feb\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u201c\u4f20\u7edf\u201d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u603b\u662f\u8d28\u7591\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8be5\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u4e0d\u662f\u5185\u5bb9\u7e41\u590d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7ed3\u8bba\u7ecf\u4e0d\u8d77\u63a8\u6572\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6839\u672c\u65e0\u5173\u5b8f\u65e8\u3002\u6279\u8bc4\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u5c24\u5176\u53cd\u611f\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a5\u53d7\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u53f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/p>\n<p>80\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u5148\u884c\u8005\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u5148\u524d\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u91cf\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u73b0\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662fLee Benson\u548cLawrence 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Steckel\u6700\u8fd1\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u5927\u793e\u79d1\u5386\u53f2\u201d\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u589e\u52a0\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u5206\u6790\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4fc3\u8fdb\u91cf\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u53f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002Andrew Abbott\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u7684\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u9700\u8981\u534f\u540c\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u61c2\u5f97\u5982\u4f55\u7528\u6280\u672f\u624b\u6bb5\u7ba1\u7406\u5feb\u901f\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u5927\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u65b0\u7684\u6280\u672f\u5904\u7406\u548c\u5206\u6790\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7eb7\u7e41\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6863\u6848\uff0c\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u5408\u9002\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4ee5\u5448\u73b0\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<address>\u672c\u6587\u8282\u9009\u7ffb\u8bd1\u81ea\uff1aMargo Anderson, \u201cQuantitative History,\u201d The Sage Handbook of Social Science Methodology, edited by William Outhwaite and Stephen Turner (London: Sage Publications, 2007), 246-63.<\/address>\n<address>\u6587\u7ae0\u7f16\u8bd1\u6765\u6e90\uff1a<a href=\"http:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MjM5OTA5MzAwMQ==&amp;mid=200689769&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=700037e3c6925ba19877220edb15ba5b&amp;scene=2&amp;from=timeline&amp;isappinstalled=0#rd\" target=\"_blank\">\u4e1c\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u8bc4\u8bba<\/a><\/address>\n<address>\u9876\u90e8\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1a<a href=\"http:\/\/images.wisegeek.com\/person-using-calculator-on-pieces-of-paper.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/images.wisegeek.com<\/a><\/address>\n<address>\u00a0<\/address>\n<address>\u00a0<\/address>\n<address>\u00a0<\/address>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u64b0\u6587\uff1aMargo Anderson \uff1b\u7ffb&#46;&#46;&#46;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16556,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[47],"tags":[1333,622,1886,1887],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uxren.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16549"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uxren.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uxren.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uxren.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uxren.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=16549"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.uxren.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16549\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16558,"href":"https:\/\/www.uxren.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16549\/revisions\/16558"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uxren.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/16556"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uxren.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=16549"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uxren.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=16549"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uxren.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=16549"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}